The functional conflicts in an Organisation

The practical clashes in an Organization The term struggle has developed to turn into an extremely basic word in Organizations and in regular human life. Thomas (1976) declared that contention has become a well known administration theme. This announcement is additionally reinforced with the measure of research completed on the topic just as books, articles and diaries distributed on strife. Strife alludes to occasions extending from inward unrest delivered by contending needs or wants to open savagery between whole social orders (Greenberg Baron 1995). Strife is that procedure that starts when one gathering has adversely influenced, or is going to contrarily influence something the main party thinks about (Buchanan Huczynski 2007). Strife in the association is characterized as the obvious battle between at least 2 individuals or gatherings in an association. It is generally focused on a state or condition that favors a person over the other or a gathering over the other (Hatch 1997). Maritime Bank Intl (OBI) stands apart among our banks in Nigeria due to its magnificent help conveyance culture and that, has earned the bank a main 5 generally positioning in the Nigerian Banking industry. Strife among Marketing and Operations Service divisions is a typical wonder in the Nigerian financial industry. This investigation will take a gander at the perspective on different scholars on strife and relate the Functional Theory to the OBI experience. In depicting the OBI experience, we will dissect the HAND of the executives and show how utilitarian clash in OBI brought about imaginative critical thinking following legitimate administration and expanded development to look for answer for issues. Besides, the investigation really will show that contention in the association is certain and can be utilized to enhance administration conveyance, relationship the board and at last authoritative objectives (Feldman Arnold 1983). Decisively, accentuation on execution and checking of Functional clash will be proposed. Struggle Perspectives and Theories Scholars all finished, have various perspectives on struggle. There is a way of thinking that sees it as Dysfunctional; saying that it is negative in the Organization and an indication of fragmented social structure. They suggest that taskforces, boards and contact jobs are approaches to oversee and react to struggle in the association (Hatch 1997). Another gathering of scholar see strife as impartial, saying that it is negative to hierarchical objectives yet it is anyway unavoidable and that it is a piece of the association. Pondy (1967), says that contention as unbiased might be viewed as negative and broken yet as a nonpartisan condition, its unavoidable and ought to be acknowledged. A later arrangement of scholars see struggle as Functional and that it bolsters hierarchical objectives and goals. This view was advanced by the acknowledgment that contention can animate development and versatility in the Organization. This perspective on strife tested the supposition that associations are or ought to be co-employable frameworks (Hatch 1997). This hypothesis of Functional clash can be followed to Chester Barnard. Benefits and Demerit Strife in the Organization could deteriorate and influence how the clashing gatherings or people relate, see and carry on towards one another. It can prompt a success lose direction (Filley 1997; Mac Callun et every one of the 1985). This Win-Lose direction can de-spur workers and obviously influence execution. Fractures between representatives or divisions inside an association if not immediately or appropriately oversaw could likewise prompt loss of value workers. The negative impacts may mean lackluster showing of the association. In spite of the fact that contention has a few negative marks including de-inspiration and worker turnover, if appropriately oversaw, can help make excitement among representatives, stimulate and prepare them to turn out to be increasingly mindful of their activity capacities and desires from the executives. It can likewise help increment and create imaginative arrangement. Corridor (1971) recommends that when appropriately oversaw, strife may not just increment the advancement to look for answer for issues, it can regularly bring about progressively imaginative answers for critical thinking. It is in such circumstances that contention will be seen as Functional. The developing intricacy in Organizations has offered expanded observational help for a positive connection among strife and gathering execution (Bourgeois 1980), authoritative learning (Fiol 1994) and top notch dynamic in the Organization (Schwenk and Valacich 1994). The serious direction that accompanies Functional clash can establish a representative review framework, increment in profitability and nature of yield and consumer loyalty as can be found I would say working with OBI in Lagos, Nigeria. THE OCEANIC BANK INTL (OBI) EXPERIENCE. Administration Quality Gaps OBI is one of top 5 banks in Nigeria with a solid brand name that depends on its brilliant assistance conveyance culture and brief reaction to client demand. Throughout the years, the very factors that fabricated the solid brand name were on the decay. Administration and Operations division with the back-end obligation of conveying brief assistance and enchanting the client and Marketing office with the duty of dealing with the connection among clients and the bank just as reacting to client demands speedily, both lost concentration and building up an unconcerned mentality towards their activity capacities. They accepted that the solid brand name of the Organization would consistently pull in the clients regardless of the nature of administration and the kind of relationship that existed between the association and the clients. There were various grumblings from clients verging on fundamental assistance issues and relationship holes; the brief check affirmation process had been overlooked, and relationship officials had gotten too apathetic to even think about uploading clients affirmation online for money officials to see bank-wide, an imperative for check installment. This brought about clients having to holding as long as 30 minutes or more to get their outsider checks paid, in any event, when the record holder had brought ahead of time to affirm such checks to the relationship officials. There were likewise cases in which the relationship officials had transferred the clients check affirmation online as is required but instead than the administration official check the online order, yet chose to call the relationship official who couldn't be reached on the grounds that he was in a gathering; this again brought about postponed installment to the client. A third situation likewise experienced were clients failure to work their records since they had not been given check books a month after record opening and satisfaction everything being equal. The administration and relationship issues were innumerable and the outcome, disappointed clients. Resultant Conflict While relationship officials took the fire for the breaches of the activities office for inability to give back-end support, the money officials likewise took the fire for the laxity of relationship officials. This brought about fractures between the two divisions; a delineation of (Buchanan Huczynski 2007) meaning of contention in (1) above. Impact on Corporate Performance Organizational objectives were not being met, the benefit had essentially declined following a decrease in business volume as baffled clients had moved to rivalry. The HAND of Management Following the incitement of contention and its resultant decreasing budgetary outcomes, the board thought of a few arrangements to realign the focal point of representatives toward great client support and reliable relationship the executives. The polices included improving the administration time distributed to an exchange; finishing of administration greatness shapes by clients after every exchange in the financial corridor; day by day relationship reports used to follow promoting staff and their relationship with clients. The most huge and best system was the utilization of workers to assess representatives in their different units just as outside their units. Workers were made to raise to the most significant level, administration and relationship holes saw over the span of administration to the client. In the event that a worker needed to convey quality support of a client, and experienced difficulties because of the carelessness or recklessness of another representative, regardless of the division of the representative in question, the blundering representative was right away answered to the team and prompt move was made against that worker. This arrangement was adequately overseen, observed and the trustworthiness of this reports and accelerations were all around confirmed. The strategy was need to the board and this was underlined when an official chief was drafted to head the team. He got a step by step heads up on the exercises of the taskforce and he announced legitimately and made proposals as respects disciplinary measures to the CEO. The impact and undoubtedly advantages of this invigorated Functional clash prompted a cosmic increment in the volume of business; the input from clients on relationship the board was for sure extremely fulfilling and the net revenue developed monstrously. The association started to accomplish its general objectives indeed, and the board was content with the positive outcomes End. This audit attempted to catch how existing clash can become Functional driving associations to imaginatively look for answers for issues prompting a lift in execution through improved client support, benefit and accomplishment of authoritative objectives utilizing Oceanic Bank Intl Plc as reference. It likewise demonstrated that Functional clash required legitimate and compelling execution and observing to accomplish wanted outcome. The utilization of a taskforce, intra and between departmental examinations and client criticism component functioned admirably for OBI. In spite of the fact that contention may exist with negative impacts as opined by Hatch (1997) and Pondy (1967), the executives can make it ideal by initi

4 Tips for Writing Effectively, Concisely and Truthfully

4 Tips for Writing Effectively, Concisely and Truthfully On November 20, I was included in the article English Essay Tips from the Experts, an aggregation of composing tips from a few specialists. These tips are legitimate for anybody composing any sort of letter or article. Recall them as you aggregate occasion letters and school application papers in the forthcoming weeks! #1: Think First. Compose Last. Now and then when individuals don’t like composition, the real issue is that they are experiencing difficulty thinking. As often as possible I’ll work with a customer on a paper the individual has been battling with for a considerable length of time. One customer this previous week, for example, had experienced seven modifications of his graduate school application article and still wasn’t happy with the outcome. What he required was but rather composing help a discussion with a mentor who could concentrate him on a procedure and subject that worked. He required assistance thinking. When he had his new blueprint, he changed the exposition, finished two amendments, and settled the article in only multi week. Erin Brenner, a distributing proficient, copyediting educator and editorial manager of copyediting.com, makes the significant point that composing is the last advance in the creative cycle. To start with, the essayist must accumulate and sort out data; when those means are taken, composing can be a breeze. #2: Stick to the Point! Another test for scholars can be going on digressions or including superfluous subtleties. Test prep master Alexis Avila gets straight to the point on this issue with his tip that any â€Å"sentence that doesn’t fit under Thesis/Evidence/Transition† can be cut from a paper. Obviously, to know whether a sentence fits under Thesis/Evidence/Transition, you should be clear about what the intention is of every one of your sections! So Tip #1 from Erin Brenner is an integral part of this one. #3: Active Language Wins Do you ever get the obscure inclination that your composing is excessively longwinded however you’re not certain precisely why? I accept the primary spot to look is at uninvolved versus dynamic development (e.g., The vehicle was moving quick down the road versus The vehicle sped down the road.) Mignon Fogarty, a.k.a. Sentence structure Girl, brings up that the utilization of â€Å"of†-particularly when it follows a â€Å"tion† word-can provide you some insight about what to change. On the off chance that you composed something like, â€Å"The formation of paper snowflakes took the youngsters hours† you would do well to transform it to â€Å"The kids went through hours making paper snowflakes.† See the distinction? Don't hesitate to utilize this stunt in your vacation composing! #4: Tell the Truth! This tip from me-Brenda Bernstein, The Essay Expert-makes composing much simpler for any individual who thinks they have to â€Å"sound good.† If that’s you, stop it! Rather, come clean about your battles and agony if that’s what you’ve been managing. And afterward come clean about your triumphs. Nobody is keen on how you’ve constantly realized what you know now; we need to know how you developed. At the point when I get to my clients’ genuine stories, they definitely express a good feeling and addition vitality to begin composing. Individuals who were adhered out of nowhere can’t stand by to begin writing words down. Did these four hints give you a lift in beginning, or proceeding, a composing venture that has been hindering you? Do you think you need an alternate kind of tip to get you on target? If you don't mind share beneath!

Essay Topic Ideas - What You Should Know

Essay Topic Ideas - What You Should KnowIf you are like most people, you probably know about what to write in your essay topic. You can usually find some of those topic ideas in college textbooks, and the Internet is full of them.These topics are not completely useless, however. You can use these topics to help you understand what your professor expects of you, and what your goal in taking an essay test is. This will make it easier for you to focus on what you have to do the actual writing, rather than worrying about what you should say.There are some good essay topic ideas available, though. There are other reasons why a lot of students dread their test day, but they are often too embarrassed to talk about them, and in fear of being judged. One of the easiest ways to deal with this problem is to get a bit of help from people who know how you feel.Ideas are great to have, but they don't always apply to you. An essay professor will almost certainly tell you to keep a few ideas specifi c to your class, as he would avoid giving them to you if he thought that you were going to forget all of them. For this reason, it might be best to come up with some specific examples for your topic.Don't be afraid to use different ways to get across your point, or at least consider doing so. There is no point in doing the same thing over again, especially if you are in a situation where it might just give you a boring essay.If you're getting ready to write, first figure out what you want to say, and then create separate topic sections. This will help you separate the ideas from your speech. The hardest part of writing an essay is actually finding the right words, so try to think creatively instead of using words that will overwhelm you.Your essay is an important part of your test. In order to pass, you need to impress the professor, so you should focus on what you need to write, not what you think you should write. For example, you may not realize that you are supposed to point out the importance of having relevant research, but if you are too tired to think about what to write, you may just end up just talking.

The Fight for Womens Rights in the Past and Present

The meaning of womens rights has varied through time and across cultures. Today, there is still a lack of consensus about what constitutes womens rights. Some would argue a womans ability to control family size is a fundamental womens right. Others would argue womens rights fall under workplace equality or the chance to serve in the military in the same ways that men do. Many would argue that all of the above should be deemed womens rights. The term typically refers to whether women are treated as mens equals, but sometimes it specifically refers to special circumstances that affect women, such as job protection when they take time off for maternity leave, though men in the U.S. are increasingly taking paternity leave. While men and women may both be victims of social ills and violence related to human trafficking and rape, protection against these crimes is often described as beneficial to womens rights. The implementation of various laws and policies over the years paints a historical picture of the benefits that were considered to be womens rights at one time. Societies in the ancient, classical, and medieval worlds show how womens rights, even if not referred to by that term, differed from culture to culture. United Nations Convention on Rights of Women The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, signed by many United Nations member states, asserts that womens rights belong to the political, economic, social, cultural, civil realms. According to the convention text,  which became an international treaty in 1981: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. The declaration specifically addresses eliminating prejudice in public education, giving women full political rights to vote and run for public office, as well as marriage and divorce rights that equal mens. The document also called for the elimination of child marriage and sex trafficking while also mentioning equality for women in the criminal justice system and in the workplace. The NOW Statement of Purpose In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed and wrote a statement of purpose that summarizes key womens rights issues of that time. The rights outlined were based on the idea of equality as an opportunity for women to develop their fullest human potentials and to put women into the mainstream of American political, economic and social life. The womens rights issues identified included those in these areas of employment and economics, education, family, political participation, and racial justice. The 1855 Marriage Protest In their 1855 marriage ceremony, womens rights advocates Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell refused to honor laws that interfered with the rights of married women in particular. They advocated for wives to be able to legally exist outside of a husbands control, to inherit and own real estate, and have the right to their own wages. Stone and Blackwell also campaigned for wives to be able to choose their own names and place of residence and to sign contracts. They demanded that married mothers be granted custody of their children and be able to sue in court as well. Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention In 1848, the first known womens rights convention in the world took place in Seneca Falls, New York. There, organizers of the convention declared that men and women are created equal. As such, the feminists gathered demanded that women immediately be given the rights and privileges due to them as U.S. citizens. In their Declaration of Sentiments, the Seneca Falls participants insisted that women should be able to vote, have property rights, including the right to the income they earned, and to pursue higher education and a variety of professions, such as theology, medicine, and law. Womens Rights in the 1700s In the 1700s, influential women also spoke out about womens rights from time to time. Abigail Adams, the wife of U.S. founding father and second President John Adams, asked her husband to remember the ladies in a letter in which she discussed disparities in womens and mens education. Hannah Moore, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Judith Sargent Murray focused especially on womens right to an adequate education. They used their writing to advocate for women having influence over social, religious, moral, and political decisions. In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791–1792), Wollstonecraft called for women to be educated, have equality in marriage, and have control over family size. In 1791 during the French Revolution, Olympe de Gouges wrote and published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen. In this document, she called for women to have free speech, including the right to name the father of their children and equality for out-of-wedlock children, a demand that suggested that women had the same right as men to have sexual relationships outside of marriage. Treatment of Women in the Ancient World In the ancient, classical, and medieval world, womens rights differed somewhat from culture to culture. In some cases, women were essentially regarded as slaves or children under the authority of their husbands or fathers. Women were largely confined to the home and lacked the right to come and go as they pleased. They also had been deprived of the right to choose or refuse marriage partners or end a marriage. Whether women could dress as they liked was an issue during this time as well. A number of these concerns and others continued to be problems for women in the centuries that followed. They included a lack of custodial rights over children, especially after a divorce; the inability of women to own property, run businesses, and control their own wages, income, and wealth. Women in the ancient, classical, and medieval world also faced employment discrimination, barriers to education, a lack of voting rights, and the inability to represent themselves in lawsuits and court actions. In the centuries since, women have advocated for these rights and more, but the struggle for equality hasnt ended. Women still face employment discrimination and barriers to healthcare, while single mothers are at great risk of falling into poverty.

The Fight for Womens Rights in the Past and Present

The meaning of womens rights has varied through time and across cultures. Today, there is still a lack of consensus about what constitutes womens rights. Some would argue a womans ability to control family size is a fundamental womens right. Others would argue womens rights fall under workplace equality or the chance to serve in the military in the same ways that men do. Many would argue that all of the above should be deemed womens rights. The term typically refers to whether women are treated as mens equals, but sometimes it specifically refers to special circumstances that affect women, such as job protection when they take time off for maternity leave, though men in the U.S. are increasingly taking paternity leave. While men and women may both be victims of social ills and violence related to human trafficking and rape, protection against these crimes is often described as beneficial to womens rights. The implementation of various laws and policies over the years paints a historical picture of the benefits that were considered to be womens rights at one time. Societies in the ancient, classical, and medieval worlds show how womens rights, even if not referred to by that term, differed from culture to culture. United Nations Convention on Rights of Women The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, signed by many United Nations member states, asserts that womens rights belong to the political, economic, social, cultural, civil realms. According to the convention text,  which became an international treaty in 1981: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. The declaration specifically addresses eliminating prejudice in public education, giving women full political rights to vote and run for public office, as well as marriage and divorce rights that equal mens. The document also called for the elimination of child marriage and sex trafficking while also mentioning equality for women in the criminal justice system and in the workplace. The NOW Statement of Purpose In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed and wrote a statement of purpose that summarizes key womens rights issues of that time. The rights outlined were based on the idea of equality as an opportunity for women to develop their fullest human potentials and to put women into the mainstream of American political, economic and social life. The womens rights issues identified included those in these areas of employment and economics, education, family, political participation, and racial justice. The 1855 Marriage Protest In their 1855 marriage ceremony, womens rights advocates Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell refused to honor laws that interfered with the rights of married women in particular. They advocated for wives to be able to legally exist outside of a husbands control, to inherit and own real estate, and have the right to their own wages. Stone and Blackwell also campaigned for wives to be able to choose their own names and place of residence and to sign contracts. They demanded that married mothers be granted custody of their children and be able to sue in court as well. Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention In 1848, the first known womens rights convention in the world took place in Seneca Falls, New York. There, organizers of the convention declared that men and women are created equal. As such, the feminists gathered demanded that women immediately be given the rights and privileges due to them as U.S. citizens. In their Declaration of Sentiments, the Seneca Falls participants insisted that women should be able to vote, have property rights, including the right to the income they earned, and to pursue higher education and a variety of professions, such as theology, medicine, and law. Womens Rights in the 1700s In the 1700s, influential women also spoke out about womens rights from time to time. Abigail Adams, the wife of U.S. founding father and second President John Adams, asked her husband to remember the ladies in a letter in which she discussed disparities in womens and mens education. Hannah Moore, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Judith Sargent Murray focused especially on womens right to an adequate education. They used their writing to advocate for women having influence over social, religious, moral, and political decisions. In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791–1792), Wollstonecraft called for women to be educated, have equality in marriage, and have control over family size. In 1791 during the French Revolution, Olympe de Gouges wrote and published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen. In this document, she called for women to have free speech, including the right to name the father of their children and equality for out-of-wedlock children, a demand that suggested that women had the same right as men to have sexual relationships outside of marriage. Treatment of Women in the Ancient World In the ancient, classical, and medieval world, womens rights differed somewhat from culture to culture. In some cases, women were essentially regarded as slaves or children under the authority of their husbands or fathers. Women were largely confined to the home and lacked the right to come and go as they pleased. They also had been deprived of the right to choose or refuse marriage partners or end a marriage. Whether women could dress as they liked was an issue during this time as well. A number of these concerns and others continued to be problems for women in the centuries that followed. They included a lack of custodial rights over children, especially after a divorce; the inability of women to own property, run businesses, and control their own wages, income, and wealth. Women in the ancient, classical, and medieval world also faced employment discrimination, barriers to education, a lack of voting rights, and the inability to represent themselves in lawsuits and court actions. In the centuries since, women have advocated for these rights and more, but the struggle for equality hasnt ended. Women still face employment discrimination and barriers to healthcare, while single mothers are at great risk of falling into poverty.

The Fight for Womens Rights in the Past and Present

The meaning of womens rights has varied through time and across cultures. Today, there is still a lack of consensus about what constitutes womens rights. Some would argue a womans ability to control family size is a fundamental womens right. Others would argue womens rights fall under workplace equality or the chance to serve in the military in the same ways that men do. Many would argue that all of the above should be deemed womens rights. The term typically refers to whether women are treated as mens equals, but sometimes it specifically refers to special circumstances that affect women, such as job protection when they take time off for maternity leave, though men in the U.S. are increasingly taking paternity leave. While men and women may both be victims of social ills and violence related to human trafficking and rape, protection against these crimes is often described as beneficial to womens rights. The implementation of various laws and policies over the years paints a historical picture of the benefits that were considered to be womens rights at one time. Societies in the ancient, classical, and medieval worlds show how womens rights, even if not referred to by that term, differed from culture to culture. United Nations Convention on Rights of Women The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, signed by many United Nations member states, asserts that womens rights belong to the political, economic, social, cultural, civil realms. According to the convention text,  which became an international treaty in 1981: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. The declaration specifically addresses eliminating prejudice in public education, giving women full political rights to vote and run for public office, as well as marriage and divorce rights that equal mens. The document also called for the elimination of child marriage and sex trafficking while also mentioning equality for women in the criminal justice system and in the workplace. The NOW Statement of Purpose In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed and wrote a statement of purpose that summarizes key womens rights issues of that time. The rights outlined were based on the idea of equality as an opportunity for women to develop their fullest human potentials and to put women into the mainstream of American political, economic and social life. The womens rights issues identified included those in these areas of employment and economics, education, family, political participation, and racial justice. The 1855 Marriage Protest In their 1855 marriage ceremony, womens rights advocates Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell refused to honor laws that interfered with the rights of married women in particular. They advocated for wives to be able to legally exist outside of a husbands control, to inherit and own real estate, and have the right to their own wages. Stone and Blackwell also campaigned for wives to be able to choose their own names and place of residence and to sign contracts. They demanded that married mothers be granted custody of their children and be able to sue in court as well. Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention In 1848, the first known womens rights convention in the world took place in Seneca Falls, New York. There, organizers of the convention declared that men and women are created equal. As such, the feminists gathered demanded that women immediately be given the rights and privileges due to them as U.S. citizens. In their Declaration of Sentiments, the Seneca Falls participants insisted that women should be able to vote, have property rights, including the right to the income they earned, and to pursue higher education and a variety of professions, such as theology, medicine, and law. Womens Rights in the 1700s In the 1700s, influential women also spoke out about womens rights from time to time. Abigail Adams, the wife of U.S. founding father and second President John Adams, asked her husband to remember the ladies in a letter in which she discussed disparities in womens and mens education. Hannah Moore, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Judith Sargent Murray focused especially on womens right to an adequate education. They used their writing to advocate for women having influence over social, religious, moral, and political decisions. In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791–1792), Wollstonecraft called for women to be educated, have equality in marriage, and have control over family size. In 1791 during the French Revolution, Olympe de Gouges wrote and published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen. In this document, she called for women to have free speech, including the right to name the father of their children and equality for out-of-wedlock children, a demand that suggested that women had the same right as men to have sexual relationships outside of marriage. Treatment of Women in the Ancient World In the ancient, classical, and medieval world, womens rights differed somewhat from culture to culture. In some cases, women were essentially regarded as slaves or children under the authority of their husbands or fathers. Women were largely confined to the home and lacked the right to come and go as they pleased. They also had been deprived of the right to choose or refuse marriage partners or end a marriage. Whether women could dress as they liked was an issue during this time as well. A number of these concerns and others continued to be problems for women in the centuries that followed. They included a lack of custodial rights over children, especially after a divorce; the inability of women to own property, run businesses, and control their own wages, income, and wealth. Women in the ancient, classical, and medieval world also faced employment discrimination, barriers to education, a lack of voting rights, and the inability to represent themselves in lawsuits and court actions. In the centuries since, women have advocated for these rights and more, but the struggle for equality hasnt ended. Women still face employment discrimination and barriers to healthcare, while single mothers are at great risk of falling into poverty.

The Fight for Womens Rights in the Past and Present

The meaning of womens rights has varied through time and across cultures. Today, there is still a lack of consensus about what constitutes womens rights. Some would argue a womans ability to control family size is a fundamental womens right. Others would argue womens rights fall under workplace equality or the chance to serve in the military in the same ways that men do. Many would argue that all of the above should be deemed womens rights. The term typically refers to whether women are treated as mens equals, but sometimes it specifically refers to special circumstances that affect women, such as job protection when they take time off for maternity leave, though men in the U.S. are increasingly taking paternity leave. While men and women may both be victims of social ills and violence related to human trafficking and rape, protection against these crimes is often described as beneficial to womens rights. The implementation of various laws and policies over the years paints a historical picture of the benefits that were considered to be womens rights at one time. Societies in the ancient, classical, and medieval worlds show how womens rights, even if not referred to by that term, differed from culture to culture. United Nations Convention on Rights of Women The 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, signed by many United Nations member states, asserts that womens rights belong to the political, economic, social, cultural, civil realms. According to the convention text,  which became an international treaty in 1981: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. The declaration specifically addresses eliminating prejudice in public education, giving women full political rights to vote and run for public office, as well as marriage and divorce rights that equal mens. The document also called for the elimination of child marriage and sex trafficking while also mentioning equality for women in the criminal justice system and in the workplace. The NOW Statement of Purpose In 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) formed and wrote a statement of purpose that summarizes key womens rights issues of that time. The rights outlined were based on the idea of equality as an opportunity for women to develop their fullest human potentials and to put women into the mainstream of American political, economic and social life. The womens rights issues identified included those in these areas of employment and economics, education, family, political participation, and racial justice. The 1855 Marriage Protest In their 1855 marriage ceremony, womens rights advocates Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell refused to honor laws that interfered with the rights of married women in particular. They advocated for wives to be able to legally exist outside of a husbands control, to inherit and own real estate, and have the right to their own wages. Stone and Blackwell also campaigned for wives to be able to choose their own names and place of residence and to sign contracts. They demanded that married mothers be granted custody of their children and be able to sue in court as well. Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention In 1848, the first known womens rights convention in the world took place in Seneca Falls, New York. There, organizers of the convention declared that men and women are created equal. As such, the feminists gathered demanded that women immediately be given the rights and privileges due to them as U.S. citizens. In their Declaration of Sentiments, the Seneca Falls participants insisted that women should be able to vote, have property rights, including the right to the income they earned, and to pursue higher education and a variety of professions, such as theology, medicine, and law. Womens Rights in the 1700s In the 1700s, influential women also spoke out about womens rights from time to time. Abigail Adams, the wife of U.S. founding father and second President John Adams, asked her husband to remember the ladies in a letter in which she discussed disparities in womens and mens education. Hannah Moore, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Judith Sargent Murray focused especially on womens right to an adequate education. They used their writing to advocate for women having influence over social, religious, moral, and political decisions. In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1791–1792), Wollstonecraft called for women to be educated, have equality in marriage, and have control over family size. In 1791 during the French Revolution, Olympe de Gouges wrote and published the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen. In this document, she called for women to have free speech, including the right to name the father of their children and equality for out-of-wedlock children, a demand that suggested that women had the same right as men to have sexual relationships outside of marriage. Treatment of Women in the Ancient World In the ancient, classical, and medieval world, womens rights differed somewhat from culture to culture. In some cases, women were essentially regarded as slaves or children under the authority of their husbands or fathers. Women were largely confined to the home and lacked the right to come and go as they pleased. They also had been deprived of the right to choose or refuse marriage partners or end a marriage. Whether women could dress as they liked was an issue during this time as well. A number of these concerns and others continued to be problems for women in the centuries that followed. They included a lack of custodial rights over children, especially after a divorce; the inability of women to own property, run businesses, and control their own wages, income, and wealth. Women in the ancient, classical, and medieval world also faced employment discrimination, barriers to education, a lack of voting rights, and the inability to represent themselves in lawsuits and court actions. In the centuries since, women have advocated for these rights and more, but the struggle for equality hasnt ended. Women still face employment discrimination and barriers to healthcare, while single mothers are at great risk of falling into poverty.